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The easiest way to avoid underexposed photos is to adjust your aperture settings, your shutter speed and your film speed when shooting. That's sounds pretty easy, right? Forget it. Photoshop was invented for the "I-can't-find-time-to-read-the-manual" photographer. Who cares if it's too dark or too light, we've got Photoshop!
So how easy is it to fix an underexposed photo? Very easy. Open your photo up and choose Image> Adjustments> Shadow/Highlight (CS-only. For pre-CS look below). You'll see an immediate change in your photo and it will probably be too extreme, but don't panic. Photoshop ships with defaults that are often way over the top. Just play with the Amount Slider and the Tonal Width Slider until you find just the right balance. And you're done!
The above photo is underexposed. The chocolate strawberries look like chestnuts. Below is the same photo after applying the Shadow/Highlight filter.
Fixing Underexposed Photos, Pre-CS — The Layer Sandwich Trick If you don't have CS, then the following trick will help you achieve similar results. I actually find this method produces better results.
Step 1 — New Layer Open your photo and make a copy of the Background Layer by choosing Layer> Duplicate Layer, or by dragging it to the New Layer Icon at the bottom of the Layers palette.
Step 2 — Change The Blend Mode In the Layers palette change the Blend Mode of the new layer from Normal to Screen. This will lighten the photo uniformly.
Step 3 — Repeat Now repeat the entire procedure again. Create a new layer, change the blend mode to screen, and then take a look at the result. Continue doing this until you go from "oh-my-god it's almost perfect" to "oh-my-god I've ruined it!"
Step 4 — Lower The Opacity Now leave that last layer active even though it's taken you too far and lower the Opacity using the slider at the top right of the layers palette. This lowers the intensity of the effect. When you've found the right amount, you can flatten your image.
Step 5 — Flatten And Save Choose Layer> Flatten or use the palette’s flyout menu and choose Flatten Image. That's it. Save your file (File> Save) and you're done.
If you want to take some text and wrap it around an object there are some complicated procedures using the Shear filter that will yield very precise results, but for most uses the following quick and easy technique will produce the desired effect.
To begin open your image and create a new layer by going Layer> New> Layer.
On this layer you will place the type by choosing a font and typing the words of the phrase you want to wrap. I've found that handwriting fonts work the best.
To select a font in Photoshop go Window> Character. In the palette you'll see a list of your installed fonts. Make sure to tweak the settings so that the spacing and size and color are all appropriate for the effect you want to achieve.
Bend That Text
Make sure that your text layer is active and then go Layer> Type> Warp Text.
Now you need to choose a transform option from the Style popup menu. Choose Arch and then click Horizontal.
The Arch Style's default is to bend from left to top to right, but we want to bend from left to bottom to right, so we need to move the Bend Slider toward the left until we reach a negative number.
I found -22 to be very close to the shape of the curve of the cup's lip, so that worked for me. Readjust the slider until you feel you've got it just right. And that's it! Click OK.
A Couple Of Little Tweaks One thing that can help is to use the move tool (keyboard shortcut V) and very carefully move your type to reposition it in a more natural looking way. You might also find that you want to rotate the warped text. Go Edit> Transform> Rotate. You'll now see a bounding box. With your cursor outside of the bounding box, click and move your mouse to rotate the text. To accept the changes double-click inside the bounding box, or to cancel hit Esc. If you make a change but then decide against it, choose Edit> Undo.
You have a nice big beautiful photo. It is gorgeous. But you need it much, much smaller, and by the time the file is down to the right size, you might find that the image has started to take on a blurry look. This is a real problem with resizing images, but luckily in Photoshop there's a very simple solution.
This tip will only work with Photoshop CS2 and CS3. If you don't have a CS version yet I recommend you try and get one as soon as you can, because they are full of powerful new features. For earlier versions of Photoshop there's a workaround at the end of this tip.
When you want to reduce an image go to the Image> Image Size menu. Click on Resample Image and choose Bicubic Sharper from the drop-down menu. This is the best setting for making sure that an image doesn't blur. The example photo of the flower started at 2,000 pixels across. I stepped it down to 250, and then again to 125 with almost no loss of sharpness. For enlarging an image select Bicubic Smoother.
Another thing to keep in mind when resizing is to try to do it only once on an image. Many people will resize repeatedly as they search for the perfect fit for a design element, and then end up with an image with a lot of blur. It's always better to experiment on a duplicate of the image. Then, when you've settled on the final dimensions, you can go back to the original and resize it just once.
Pre-CS Workaround
In earlier versions of Photoshop simply zoom out so that your window and image are at either 50% or 25%, and then take a screenshot of the image window at this new reduced size. You'll find that the image will maintain its sharpness. Now open the screenshot in Photoshop, and crop and save. The trick to making this work is to use either a 50%, 25%, or 12.5% view size before making the capture. If you view the image at 66.7%, 33.3%, or 16.7%, the image will not be as sharp due to the way Photoshop draws images at those sizes.
Troubleshooting
Never resize a GIF image. First change the mode to RGB Color (Image> Mode> RGB Color), and then resize. You can still save your resized image as a GIF, just do not apply resizing while the image is in the GIF mode.
A Favicon is a little custom icon that appears next to a website's URL in the address bar of a web browser. They also show up in your bookmarked sites, on the tabs in tabbed browsers, and as the icon for Internet shortcuts on your desktop or other folders in Windows. And when I say little, I mean 16 pixels by 16 pixels. So if you like a good design challenge try your hand at this one.
All you need to add a Favicon to your site is a Windows Icon (.ico) file usually called favicon.ico that you upload to the main directory of your website. Nowadays, most browsers besides Internet Explorer can use a GIF (including animated ones) or PNG (including full transparency) instead. But since all browsers including IE understand the .ico format, and because it's got a lot of intriguing features that GIFs and PNGs don't, read on to find out how to make one.
Download The Plugin You'll need the Windows Icon (ICO) file format Photoshop Plugin to export to the .ico file format. You can download the plugin from Telegraphics. The plugin reads and writes ICO files in 1, 4 and 8-bit Indexed and 24-bit RGB modes, and also reads and writes 32-bit "XP" icons (with 8-bit alpha channel). Make sure to install the plugin before you begin this tutorial.
Let's Begin Because 16 x 16 is such a small canvas area, it can be very difficult to be creative. So instead start your project with a canvas set at 64 x 64 (always use even multiples when you plan on resizing files). Do this by selecting File>New, and opening a new canvas that is 64 x 64 pixels in size.
The Design If you already have a logo you should reduce it to the 16 x 16 size to see if it holds up. If it doesn't look good at this size, work with the 64 x 64 canvas and try creating a simple design that incorporates colors from your website's palette.
When you're ready to test the design select Image>Image Size menu and enter 16 x 16. Click on Resample Image and choose "Bicubic Sharper" from the drop-down menu (CS only for this step). This is the best setting for making sure that an image doesn't blur as it's being resized. If it’s still not sharp enough, go back and oversharpen, oversaturate and/or heighten the contrast of the original image and then resize it again.
If you feel the icon is not quite what you wanted, just keep tweaking it until it is perfect. At this tiny size it can take a few tries before you get it right.
Uploading The Favicon.ico File
Connect to your server and upload your Favicon.ico file to your website. You must place it into the same directory as your home (index) page, and leave it loose, making sure not to put it in an images directory or other folder. The standard location is the “root” folder of your site, which is same directory as your home (index) page, not inside an images directory or other folder. If you put it there (and name it favicon.ico), most browsers will find it automatically.
Some browsers will look for a direct link in the HTML source code to your site's favicon.ico file. You can help these browsers by adding this link in the head section of each page on which you want the Favicon.ico to appear.
Here is the link code to include: <link rel="Shortcut Icon" href="/favicon.ico">
Once you've added this code, upload all of your modified pages.
(Some people suggest that the following is actually more correct:<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"> You can use both if you want!)
If you want to use a GIF or PNG instead, use this format instead (just remember that it won’t work in IE):<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.png" type="image/png"> or
<link rel="icon" href="/favicon.gif" type="image/gif">
Testing If your new Favicon does not show up right away, try refreshing the page or clearing your cache — or put a '?' at the end of the url, which will trick a browser into thinking the page is new and not cached.
Troubleshooting Browser Issues: Microsoft IE 6 for Windows will not display the favicon until the URL has been added to the favorites. Or try this trick: go up to the address bar, click on the existing (usually the IE default) favicon, then "jiggle" it a bit and let go. That will reload the page and should get the new favicon to show up.
Safari for the MAC will not display an updated favicon until the browser cache has been cleared. But choosing ‘empty cache’ from the menu won't help because Safari stores favicons in a separate cache. Go to Edit > Reset Safari, and check “Remove all website icons”. If you can’t find that, you must empty the icon cache yourself. Look for it in User>Library>Safari>Icons. On the Windows version of Safari, find C:\Documents and Settings\YourUserName\Local Settings\Application Data\Apple Computer\Safari\WebpageIcons.db. Quit Safari, delete the file, restart Safari. (Sometimes you need to restart the computer too.)
On FireFox, clear the cache and restart the browser. On Opera, just refresh.
Windows can actually be the most beligerent about not updating favicons for Internet shortcuts (on your desktop, for instance). This tip from www.vistax64.com/tutorials:
1. Right-click on the Desktop.
2. Select Personalize and select Display Settings (or simply Settings on XP).
3. Change the Color from 32 bit to 16 bit and click Apply.
4. Change the Color back to 32 bit and click Apply.
File Format Not Available: The Windows Icon (ICO) file format will not be available until you have downloaded and installed the plugin, and then Quit and Restarted Photoshop.
Troubleshooting Update One person who had trouble with Internet Explorer 7 has sent us a little tip:
I had some trouble with IE 7 — but the addition of these 2 lines of code solved the problem:
Multi-Resolution Favicons So if you’ve gotten this far, you can already see your favicon in your browser’s address bar, and it probably looks great. Feeling ambitious and want to go one step further?
In Windows especially, favicons show up all over the place. For instance, if you put a shortcut to a website on your desktop, Windows often uses the favicon of the site as the shortcut icon. But on the desktop, Windows uses a much larger size icon, usually 48x48 pixels. When this happens, Windows has to scale up your favicon and it will probably look blurry and not so great anymore.
You can fix this. One of the neat things about .ico files is that they can contain multiple versions of the icon, at different sizes and color depths (kinda like an animated GIF contains multiple frames). When they do, Windows uses whichever size and color depth is most appropriate. For the sizes, 16x16, 24x24, 32x32 & 48x48 pixels are most common, and all can put bundled together in a single .ico file.
Creating a multi-resolution icon isn't much harder than what you did to create your 16x16 favicon, Telegraphics, the same place you got your favicon plugin, also has another plugin http://www.telegraphics.com.au/sw/info/icobundle.html that allows you to bundle multiple icons together in a single .ico file. (There are also many standalone tools that will create a multi-resolution icon for you from a single starting image. Here's a couple that are free to try: www.sibcode.com/icon-studio and www.aha-soft.com/anytoicon.)
As for color depth... again, if you're on Windows, you may have noticed before that some icons on your desktop have jaggedy (aliased) edges, while others blend smoothly on the edges. The smooth blending is because those icons contain a version with 32-bit color depth, which allows true transparency, just like your layers in Photoshop. You can create a 32-bit version of your icon, along with 24-bit (16 million colors, gif-like transparency), 16-bit (256 colors) or even 8-, 4- or 2-bit... all of which could again be stored in one .ico file!
So if you want to make sure your favicon looks great wherever people might see it, try creating a few versions in your favicon.ico file. For example:
But don’t go too crazy, because every variation makes your favicon a little bit bigger, which means it will take longer to download.
Inspiration
If you need some inspiration have a look through this nice collection of favicons. Also look at the nice categorized list of 50 remarkable favicons at Smashing Magazine. You might find something that triggers an idea for your own.
Want to make some nice coloring books? The first step is to turn a photo into a sketch, and that's exactly what we'll do now. This tutorial is fairly easy and consists of just 6 steps.
Start with your selected photo. Prep it so it's exactly the dimensions and resolution you want your final document to be.
STEP 1 - Duplicate The Background Layer First duplicate the background layer. Go Layer> New> Layer via Copy. Now we have 2 layers, the Background Layer, and Layer 1.
STEP 2 - Desaturate The Photo With Layer 1 selected, choose Image> Adjustments> Desaturate. This gives us a grayscale version of the photo.
STEP 3 - Duplicate Layer 1 At this point you must duplicate Layer 1. With Layer 1 selected, go Layer> New> Layer via Copy. Now we have 3 layers, the Background Layer, Layer 1 and Layer 2.
Next we'll be working with Layer 2.
STEP 4 - Invert Layer 2 With Layer 2 selected, go Image> Adjustments> Invert. This will make your photo look like a negative.
STEP 5 - Change The Layers Blend Mode To Color Dodge In the Layers Palette change the Layers Blend Mode for this layer (Layer 2) to Color Dodge. This will make your photo almost completely white, but don't panic! Everything is going to work out just fine.
STEP 6 - Apply The Gaussian Blur Filter Go Filter> Blur> Gaussian Blur. When the dialog box appears start by moving the Radius Slider all the way to the left. Once you've done that you can start to slowly move it to the right.
Now here comes some real Photoshop magic — because as you move the slider your sketch will start to appear.At this point take time to experiment and make sure you are getting the desired effect.
Bigger numbers create a more pronounced effect, but at some point this will turn your sketch back into a photo, which you don't want, so when you reach that point simply nudge the slider to the left just a little and that should do it!
For my apple sketch I used a Radius setting of 9.8 pixels.
Experiment With Settings
This technique will also work with the Motion Blur Filter and the Radial Blur Filter. The reason I mention this is sometimes an image will not work as expected, and so you have to try different methods.
Calling All Cezannes
Now print out your best sketches and create some nice coloring books, then give the kids some crayons and see what kind of crazy masterpieces they come up with!
1. In Photoshop, open up the image on which you would like to create the displaced shadow. Here we want to put a hat on this incredibly good looking face and give it a realistic shadow. To start, we want to create a new image file using this image.
Shortcuts
Throughout this document, “Command/ Ctrl” means Command on the Macintosh® and Ctrl on Windows.®“ Option/Alt” means Option on the Macintosh and Alt on Windows.
2. Go to the Channels palette. Toggle through the three channels by pressing Command/Ctrl + 1 = Red Command/Ctrl + 2 =Green Command/Ctrl + 3 = Blue Find the one channel with the most contrast. In our case it was the red channel. With the channel selected, choose Duplicate Channel.
3. In the dialog box you will want to choose “New” under Document. Then in the Name field type in “Blur map”. Note: if you are on Windows you must give it the .psd extension.
4. You should now have a new image with the file name Blur map open on your desktop.
Notice: if you check its channels, it has only one channel
This is important because we only want to displace our shadow vertically. In order to have true horizontal displacement there must be a second channel.
Displacement map
Is basically a second A Displacement map image that the Displacement filter uses to determine how
to distort the selection. Any Photoshop file except bitmaps can be used.
5. Now we want to smooth out the gradations in this image and have detail without any speckling. The best way to do this is to choose Filter > Noise > Despeckle. Repeat filter three to four times. (Command/Ctrl + F) The softer and smoother the displacement map, the smoother the shadow effect. Once you have done this, save the image and put it aside.
6. Let’s go back to our original image. Get back in RGB composite mode. (Command/Ctrl +~) Next, open the image that you want the shadow to fall under. In this case, we want to have a realistic shadow falling under the brim of this hat. Ahha, now it’s starting to make sense! Notice that our hat already has a transparent background.
7. Bring in the second image either by copying and pasting or dragging and dropping. Size it using the transform tool (Command/Ctrl + T). Place it into final position. You’ll want to do this in order to see where the shadow needs to fall.
Transform!
To bring up the dialog box for the Transform tool, try the shortcut Shift + Command/Ctrl + T.
8. Now, we want to create our shadow. Select the bottom layer and click the new layer icon. This will create a new layer between the hat and our face for the shadow. With this layer still selected, create an approximate shadow using one of the selection tools. (Remember, the exact shaping will be done with the Displacement filter). Fill your selection with 50% gray. Deselect, and choose Filter > Blur > Gaussian blur to create a soft shadow.
Shadows
Another quick way to create a soft shadow is make your selection then choose Select > Feather. Type in a pixel value for the selection edges to be feathered.
9. With the shadow layer still selected choose Filter > Distort> Displace. Enter 0 in the Horizontal scale and approximately30 in the Vertical scale. (Although you may want to
experiment with the amount.) The rest of the settings can stay the same. Click OK.
Displacement Filter
Remember, the image we’re using for our displacement map has only one channel. Through experimentation, we have found that only the vertical scale is needed for a good-looking shadow.
10. Next, a dialog box appears asking for a file to use for the displacement map. Navigate to where you saved the Blur map file and select it. Click OK and wait for the results. Wow! The shadow magically bends over the contour of this perfect face. Ahaa.
11. Now, to make it a little more realistic, set the mode to Multiply. Looks OK, but we can do better than this!
Multiply Mode
Effectively like sandwiching two negatives together, this mode looks at the color information in the channels and multiplies the base color by the blend color, darkening the color underneath it.
12. For the final touch we want to add a bit of warmth and color to the shadow as there would be in real life. Fortunately, Photoshop 4.0 Adjustment layers make this a snap. Choose New Adjustment Layer from the layers pop-up menu. Choose Hue/Saturation and make sure to select “Group with Previous Layer.” This way the adjustment layer will affect only the shadow layer.
13. In the Hue and Saturation dialog box, select Colorize and then adjust your HSL levels until you have your desired density and shadow color.
Colorize
You can use this effect to colorize black-and white images or to create a monotone effect. Your selected image will be converted to shades of red. You can then adjust the color using the Hue slider.
14. Voila! There you have it! The perfectly shaped and shaded shadow. For a finishing touch to make the hat appear as though it were sitting on the head, we added a single 50% brushstroke to the shadow layer underneath the hat.
references:Adobe Seminars Web Page Design
by Lisa Lopuck and Sheryl Hampton
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Browser Issues: Microsoft IE 6 for Windows will not display the favicon until the URL has been added to the favorites. Or try this trick: go up to the address bar, click on the existing (usually the IE default) favicon, then "jiggle" it a bit and let go. That will reload the page and should get the new favicon to show up.
